This is a phase 4 unblinded cluster randomized trial in Mwanza region, northwestern Tanzania. A community-based baseline survey was conducted in 26 rural communities across Mwanza region reaching approximately 12,000 households, where 6,000 men and women aged 18-21 provided a sample for HPV testing. This will be used to establish the baseline prevalence of HPV across all clusters. Communities were then randomized to either the intervention or control arms. In intervention communities, in addition to routine HPV vaccination of girls through the national programme, all boys and men aged 14-18 are offered single-dose HPV vaccination. In control communities, routine HPV vaccination of girls continues as per standard practice. A small cohort of boys and men from one or two clusters will then be recruited to participate in a follow-up study exploring immunological responses to HPV single-dose vaccination in boys for 24 months. A final follow-up survey to measure HPV prevalence will be conducted 36 months after vaccination with 13,000 men and women aged 18-21 years.